SACM Working Group H. Birkholz Internet-Draft Fraunhofer SIT Intended status: Standards Track J. Fitzgerald-McKay Expires: August 20, 2017 Department of Defense C. Schmidt The MITRE Corporation D. Waltermire NIST February 16, 2017 Concise Software Identifiers draft-ietf-sacm-coswid-01 Abstract This document defines a concise representation of ISO 19770-2:2015 Software Identifiers (SWID tags) that is interoperable with the XML schema definition of ISO 19770-2:2015 and augmented for application in Constrained-Node Networks. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on August 20, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Concise SWID CDDL specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Encoding hashes for Concise SWID tags . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. CoSWID used as Reference Integrity Measurements (CoSWID RIM) 9 5. Firmware SWID tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. COSE signatures for Concise SWID tags . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. CBOR Web Token for Concise SWID tags . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction SWID tags have several use-applications including but not limited to: o Software Inventory Management, a part of the Software Asset Management [SAM] process, which requires an accurate list of discernible deployed software instances. o Vulnerability Assessment, which requires a semantic link between standardized vulnerability descriptions and IT-assets [X.1520]. o Remote Attestation, which requires a link between reference integrity measurements (RIM) and security logs of measured software components [I-D.birkholz-tuda]. SWID tags, as defined in ISO-19770-2:2015 [SWID], provide a standardized format for a record that identifies and describes a specific release of a software product. Different software products, and even different releases of a particular software product, each have a different SWID tag record associated with them. In addition to defining the format of these records, ISO-19770-2:2015 defines requirements concerning the SWID tag lifecycle. Specifically, when a software product is installed on an endpoint, that product's SWID tag Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 is also installed. Likewise, when the product is uninstalled or replaced, the SWID tag is deleted or replaced, as appropriate. As a result, ISO-19770-2:2015 describes a system wherein there is a correspondence between the set of installed software products on an endpoint, and the presence on that endpoint of the SWID tags corresponding to those products. SWID tags are meant to be flexible and able to express a broad set of metadata about a software product. Moreover, there are multiple types of SWID tags, each providing different types of information. For example, a "corpus tag" is used to describe an application's installation image on an installation media, while a "patch tag" is meant to describe a patch that modifies some other application. While there are very few required fields in SWID tags, there are many optional fields that support different uses of these different types of tags. While a SWID tag that consisted only of required fields could be a few hundred bytes in size, a tag containing many of the optional fields could be many orders of magnitude larger. This document defines a more concise representation of SWID tags in the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC7049]. This is described via the CBOR Data Definition Language (CDDL) [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl]. The resulting Concise SWID data definition is interoperable with the XML schema definition of ISO-19770-2:2015 [SWID]. The vocabulary, i.e., the CDDL names of the types and members used in the Concise SWID data definition, is mapped to more concise labels represented as small integers. The names used in the CDDL and the mapping to the CBOR representation using integer labels is based on the vocabulary of the XML attribute and element names defined in ISO-19770-2:2015. Real-world instances of SWID tags can be fairly large, and the communication of SWID tags in use-applications such as those described earlier can cause a large amount of data to be transported. This can be larger than acceptable for constrained devices and networks. Concise SWID tags significantly reduce the amount of data transported as compared to a typical SWID tag. This reduction is enable through the use of CBOR, which maps human-readable labels of that content to more concise integer labels (indices). This allows SWID tags to be part of an enterprise security solution for a wider range of endpoints and environments. 1.1. Requirements notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119, BCP 14 [RFC2119]. Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 2. Concise SWID CDDL specification The following is a CDDL representation of the ISO-19770-2:2015 [SWID] XML schema definition of SWID tags. This representation includes all SWID tag fields and thus supports all SWID tag use cases. The CamelCase notation used in the XML schema definition is changed to hyphen-separated notation (e.g. ResourceCollection is named resource-collection in the COSWID CDDL specification). The human- readable names of members are mapped to integer indices via a block of rules at the bottom of the CDDL specification. The 66 character strings of the SWID vocabulary that would have to be stored or transported in full if using the original vocabulary are replaced. Concise Software Identifiers are tailored to be used in the domain of constrained-node networks. A typical endpoint is capable of storing the CoSWID tag of installed software, a constrained-node might lack that capability. CoSWID address these constraints and the corresponding specification is augmented to retain their usefulness in the thing-2-thing domain. Specific examples include, but are not limited to limiting the scope of hash algorithms to the IANA Named Information tables or including firmware attributes addressing devices that do not necessarily provide a file-system to store a CoSWID tag in. concise-software-identity = { global-attributes, ? entity-entry, ? evidence-entry, ? link-entry, ? software-meta-entry, ? payload-entry, ? any-element-entry, ? corpus, ? patch, ? media, swid-name, ? supplemental, tag-id, ? tag-version, ? version, ? version-scheme, } NMTOKEN = text NMTOKENS = text date-time = time Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 any-uri = text label = text / int any-attribute = ( label => text / int / [ 2* text ] / [ 2* int ] ) any-element-map = { global-attributes, * label => any-element-map / [ 2* any-element-map ], } global-attributes = ( ? lang, * any-attribute, ) resource-collection = ( ? directory-entry, ? file-entry, ? process-entry, ? resource-entry ? firmware-entry ) file = { filesystem-item, ? size, ? version, ? file-hash, } filesystem-item = ( global-attributes, ? key, ? location, fs-name, ? root, ) directory = { filesystem-item, path-elements, } firmware = { firmware-name, ; inherited from RFC4108 ? firmware-version, Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 ? firmware-package-identifier, ; inherited from RFC4108 ? dependency, ; inherited from RFC4108 ? component-index, ; equivalent to RFC4108 fwPkgType ? block-device-identifier, ? target-hardware-identifier, ; an RFC4108 alternative to model-label model-label, ? firmware-hash, ; a hash for a single, incl. NI hash-algo index ? cms-firmware-package, ; RCF4108, experimental, this is an actual firmware blob! } process = { global-attributes, process-name, ? pid, } resource = { global-attributes, type, } entity = { global-attributes, meta-elements, entity-name, ? reg-id, role, ? thumbprint, } evidence = { global-attributes, resource-collection, ? date, ? device-id, } link = { global-attributes, ? artifact, href, ? media, ? ownership, rel, ? type, ? use, } Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 software-meta = { global-attributes, ? activation-status, ? channel-type, ? colloquial-version, ? description, ? edition, ? entitlement-data-required, ? entitlement-key, ? generator, ? persistent-id, ? product, ? product-family, ? revision, ? summary, ? unspsc-code, ? unspsc-version, } payload = { global-attributes, resource-collection, } tag-id = (0: text) swid-name = (1: text) entity-entry = (2: entity / [ 2* entity ]) evidence-entry = (3: evidence / [ 2* evidence ]) link-entry = (4: link / [ * link ]) software-meta-entry = (5: software-meta / [ 2* software-meta ]) payload-entry = (6: payload / [ 2* payload ]) any-element-entry = (7: any-element-map / [ 2* any-element-map ]) corpus = (8: bool) patch = (9: bool) media = (10: text) supplemental = (11: bool) tag-version = (12: integer) version = (13: text) version-scheme = (14: NMTOKEN) lang = (15: text) directory-entry = (16: directory / [ 2* directory ]) file-entry = (17: file / [ 2* file ]) process-entry = (18: process / [ 2* process ]) resource-entry = (19: resource / [ 2* resource ]) size = (20: integer) key = (21: bool) location = (22: text) fs-name = (23: text) Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 root = (24: text) path-elements = (25: { * directory-entry, * file-entry, } ) process-name = (26: text) pid = (27: integer) type = (28: text) meta-elements = (29: any-element-map / [ 2* any-element-map ]) entity-name = (30: text) reg-id = (31: any-uri) role = (32: NMTOKENS) thumbprint = (33: text) date = (34: date-time) device-id = (35: text) artifact = (36: text) href = (37: any-uri) ownership = (38: "shared" / "private" / "abandon") rel = (39: NMTOKEN) use = (40: "optional" / "required" / "recommended") activation-status = (41: text) channel-type = (42: text) colloquial-version = (43: text) description = (44: text) edition = (45: text) entitlement-data-required = (46: bool) entitlement-key = (47: text) generator = (48: text) persistent-id = (49: text) product = (50: text) product-family = (51: text) revision = (52: text) summary = (53: text) unspsc-code = (54: text) unspsc-version = (55: text) file-hash = (56: [ hash-alg-id: int, hash-value: bstr, ] ) firmware-entry = (57: firmware / [ 2* firmware ]) firmware-hash = (58: [ hash-alg-id: int, hash-value: bstr, ] ) firmware-name = (59 : text) firmware-version = (60 : text / int) component-index = (61 : int) Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 model-label = (62: text / int) block-device-identifier = (63 : text / int) cms-firmware-package = (64: bstr) firmware-package-identifier = (65: text) target-hardware-identifier = (66: text) dependency = (67: { ? firmware-name, ? firmware-version, ? firmware-package-identifier, } ) 3. Encoding hashes for Concise SWID tags Concise SWID add explicit support for the representation of file- hashes using algorithms that are registered at the Named Information Hash Algorithm Registry via the file-hash item (label 56). The number used as a value for hash-alg-id refers the ID in the Named Information Hash Algorithm table. 4. CoSWID used as Reference Integrity Measurements (CoSWID RIM) A vendor supplied signed CoSWID tag that includes hash-values for the files that compose a software component can be used as a RIM (reference integrity measurement). A RIM is a type of declarative guidance that can be used to assert the compliance of an endpoint by assessing the installed software. In the context of remote attestation based on an attestation via a hardware security module (hardware rooted trust), a verifier can appraise the integrity of the conveyed measurements of software components using a CoSWID RIM provided by a source, such as [I-D.banghart-sacm-rolie-softwaredescriptor]. 5. Firmware SWID tags The metadata defined in [RFC4108] is incorporated in the resource- collection structure that semantically differentiates content stored in a Concise Software Identifier. The optional attributes that annoate a firmware package addresse specific characteristics of pieces of firmware stored directly on a block-device in contrast to software deployed in a file-system. Trees of relative path-elements expressed by the directory and file structure in CoSWID tags are typically unable to represent the location of a firmware on a constrained-node (small thing). The composite nature of firmware and also the actual composition of small things require a set of attributes to identify the correct component in a composite thing for each individual piece of firmware. A single component also potentially requires a number of distinct firmware parts that might Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 depend on each other(s version). These dependencies can be limited to the scope of the component itself or extend to the scope of a small composite device. In addition, it might not be possible (or feasible) to store a CoSWID tag document (permanently) on a small thing along with the corresponding piece of firmware. Hence, CoSWID tags can be used as a concise and flexible metadata document that functions as a wrapper containing a (potentially compressed, signed, and/or encrypted) piece of firmware and its corresponding CoSWID attributes. A CoSWID tag about firmware can be transmitted as an identifying document across endpoints or used as an reference integrity measurement as usual. Alternatively, it can also convey an actual piece of firmware, serve its intended purpose as a SWID tag and then - due to the lack of a location to store it - be discarded. 6. COSE signatures for Concise SWID tags SWID tags, as defined in the ISO-19770-2:2015 XML schema, can include cryptographic signatures to protect the integrity of the SWID tag. In general, tags are signed by the tag creator (typically, although not exclusively, the vendor of the software product that the SWID tag identifies). Cryptographic signatures can make any modification of the tag detectable, which is especially important if the integrity of the tag is important, such as when the tag is providing golden measurements for files. The ISO-19770-2:2015 XML schema uses XML DSIG to support cryptographic signatures. Concise SWID tags require a different signature scheme than this. COSE (CBOR Encoded Message Syntax) provides the required mechanism [I-D.ietf-cose-msg]. Concise SWID can be wrapped in a COSE Single Signer Data Object (cose-sign1) that contains a single signature. The following CDDL defines a more restrictive subset of header attributes allowed by COSE tailored to suit the requirements of Concise SWID. Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 signed-coswid = #6.997(COSE-Sign1-coswid) ; see TBS7 in current COSE I-D label = int / tstr ; see COSE I-D 1.4. values = any ; see COSE I-D 1.4. unprotected-signed-coswid-header = { 1 => int, ; algorithm identifier 3 => "application/coswid", ; request for CoAP IANA registry to become an int * label => values, } protected-signed-coswid-header = { 4 => bstr, ; key identifier * label => values, } COSE-Sign1-coswid = [ protected: bstr .cbor protected-signed-coswid-header, unprotected: unprotected-signed-coswid-header, payload: bstr .cbor concise-software-identity, signature: bstr, ] 7. CBOR Web Token for Concise SWID tags A typical requirement regarding specific instantiations of endpoints - and, as a result, specific instantiations of software components - is a representation of the absolute path of a CoSWID tag document in a file system in order to derive absolute paths of files represented in the corresponding CoSWID tag. The absolute path of an evidence CoSWID tag can be included as a claim in the header of a CBOR Web Token [I-D.ietf-ace-cbor-web-token]. Depending on the source of the token, the claim can be in the protected or unprotected header portion. CDDL TBD 8. IANA considerations This document will include requests to IANA: o Integer indices for SWID content attributes and information elements. Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 o Content-Type for CoAP to be used in COSE. 9. Security Considerations SWID tags contain public information about software products and, as such, do not need to be protected against disclosure on an endpoint. Similarly, SWID tags are intended to be easily discoverable by applications and users on an endpoint in order to make it easy to identify and collect all of an endpoint's SWID tags. As such, any security considerations regarding SWID tags focus on the application of SWID tags to address security challenges, and the possible disclosure of the results of those applications. A signed SWID tag whose signature is intact can be relied upon to be unchanged since it was signed. If the SWID tag was created by the software author, this generally means that it has undergone no change since the software application with which the tag is associated was installed. By implication, this means that the signed tag reflects the software author's understanding of the details of that software product. This can be useful assurance when the information in the tag needs to be trusted, such as when the tag is being used to convey golden measurements. By contrast, the data contained in unsigned tags cannot be trusted to be unmodified. SWID tags are designed to be easily added and removed from an endpoint along with the installation or removal of software products. On endpoints where addition or removal of software products is tightly controlled, the addition or removal of SWID tags can be similarly controlled. On more open systems, where many users can manage the software inventory, SWID tags may be easier to add or remove. On such systems, it may be possible to add or remove SWID tags in a way that does not reflect the actual presence or absence of corresponding software products. Similarly, not all software products automatically install SWID tags, so products may be present on an endpoint without providing a corresponding SWID tag. As such, any collection of SWID tags cannot automatically be assumed to represent either a complete or fully accurate representation of the software inventory of the endpoint. However, especially on devices that more strictly control the ability to add or remove applications, SWID tags are an easy way to provide an preliminary understanding of that endpoint's software inventory. Any report of an endpoint's SWID tag collection provides information about the software inventory of that endpoint. If such a report is exposed to an attacker, this can tell them which software products and versions thereof are present on the endpoint. By examining this list, the attacker might learn of the presence of applications that are vulnerable to certain types of attacks. As noted earlier, SWID Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 tags are designed to be easily discoverable by an endpoint, but this does not present a significant risk since an attacker would already need to have access to the endpoint to view that information. However, when the endpoint transmits its software inventory to another party, or that inventory is stored on a server for later analysis, this can potentially expose this information to attackers who do not yet have access to the endpoint. As such, it is important to protect the confidentiality of SWID tag information that has been collected from an endpoint, not because those tags individually contain sensitive information, but because the collection of SWID tags and their association with an endpoint reveals information about that endpoint's attack surface. Finally, both the ISO-19770-2:2015 XML schema definition and the Concise SWID data definition allow for the construction of "infinite" SWID tags or SWID tags that contain malicious content with the intend if creating non-deterministic states during validation or processing of SWID tags. While software product vendors are unlikely to do this, SWID tags can be created by any party and the SWID tags collected from an endpoint could contain a mixture of vendor and non- vendor created tags. For this reason, tools that consume SWID tags ought to treat the tag contents as potentially malicious and should employ input sanitizing on the tags they ingest. 10. Acknowledgements 11. Change Log Changes from version 00 to version 01: o Added CWT usage for absolute SWID paths on a device o Fixed cardinality of type-choices including arrays o Included first iteration of firmware resource-collection Changes since adopted as a WG I-D -00: o Removed redundant any-attributes originating from the ISO- 19770-2:2015 XML schema definition o Fixed broken multi-map members o Introduced a more restrictive item (any-element-map) to represent custom maps, increased restriction on types for the any-attribute, accordingly o Fixed X.1520 reference Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 o Minor type changes of some attributes (e.g. NMTOKENS) o Added semantic differentiation of various name types (e,g. fs- name) Changes from version 00 to version 01: o Ambiguity between evidence and payload eliminated by introducing explicit members (while still allowing for "empty" swid tags) o Added a relatively restrictive COSE envelope using cose_sign1 to define signed coswids (single signer only, at the moment) o Added a defintion how to encode hashes that can be stored in the any-member using existing IANA tables to reference hash-algorithms First version -00 12. Contributors 13. References 13.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-ace-cbor-web-token] Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig, "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", draft-ietf-ace-cbor-web-token-02 (work in progress), January 2017. [I-D.ietf-cose-msg] Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)", draft-ietf-cose-msg-24 (work in progress), November 2016. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4108] Housley, R., "Using Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to Protect Firmware Packages", RFC 4108, DOI 10.17487/RFC4108, August 2005, . [RFC7049] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049, October 2013, . Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 [SAM] "Information technology - Software asset management - Part 5: Overview and vocabulary", ISO/IEC 19770-5:2013, November 2013. [SWID] "Information technology - Software asset management - Part 2: Software identification tag'", ISO/IEC 19770-2:2015, October 2015. [X.1520] "Recommendation ITU-T X.1520 (2014), Common vulnerabilities and exposures", April 2011. 13.2. Informative References [I-D.banghart-sacm-rolie-softwaredescriptor] Waltermire, D. and S. Banghart, "Definition of the ROLIE Software Descriptor Extension", draft-banghart-sacm-rolie- softwaredescriptor-00 (work in progress), October 2016. [I-D.birkholz-tuda] Fuchs, A., Birkholz, H., McDonald, I., and C. Bormann, "Time-Based Uni-Directional Attestation", draft-birkholz- tuda-03 (work in progress), January 2017. [I-D.greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl] Vigano, C. and H. Birkholz, "CBOR data definition language (CDDL): a notational convention to express CBOR data structures", draft-greevenbosch-appsawg-cbor-cddl-09 (work in progress), September 2016. Authors' Addresses Henk Birkholz Fraunhofer SIT Rheinstrasse 75 Darmstadt 64295 Germany Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de Jessica Fitzgerald-McKay Department of Defense 9800 Savage Road Ft. Meade, Maryland USA Email: jmfitz2@nsa.gov Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft COSWID February 2017 Charles Schmidt The MITRE Corporation 202 Burlington Road Bedford, Maryland 01730 USA Email: cmschmidt@mitre.org David Waltermire National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877 USA Email: david.waltermire@nist.gov Birkholz, et al. Expires August 20, 2017 [Page 16]